REFERENCE GUIDE
Table of Contents
- I. Citing References
- II. Style
- III. Notes About Online References
- IV. Useful Abbreviations in References
- A. Common Abbreviations of Words in References
- B. List of Publishers
- C. Abbreviations of Periodicals With Non-English Titles
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I. Citing References
A. References in Text
References need not be cited in the text. When they are, they appear on the line, in square brackets, inside the punctuation. Grammatically, they may be treated as if they were nouns or footnote numbers, e.g.:
According to [1]; as demonstrated in [2]; as shown by Brown [4], [5]; as mentioned earlier [2], [4], [5], [6], [7],
[9]; Smith [4] and Brown and Jones [5]; Wood et al. [7]
Reference ranges in text will not include an en dash. All references will be written out. For example, “[1]–[4]” will now be “[1], [2], [3], [4]”.
NOTE: Use “et al.” when three or more names are given for a reference cited in the text.
B. Citing Parts of a Reference
Check the reference list for “ibid.” or “op. cit.” These refer to a previous reference and should be eliminated from the reference section. In text, cite the earlier reference number and renumber the reference section accordingly. If the “ibid.” gives a new page number, or other information, use the following forms:
[3, Thm. 1]; [3, Lemma 2]; [3, pp. 5–10]; [3, eq. (2)]; [3, Fig. 1]; [3, Appendix I]; [3, Sect. 4.5];
[3, Ch. 2, pp. 5–10]; [3, Algorithm 5].
NOTE: Editing of references may entail careful renumbering of references, as well as the citations in text.
Always query the author when renumbering references and text citations.
II. STYLE
- Reference numbers are set flush left and form a column of their own, hanging out beyond the body of the
reference. The reference numbers are on the line, enclosed in square brackets.
- In all references, the given name of the author or editor is abbreviated to the initial only and precedes the
last name. Do not use commas around Jr., Sr., and III in names: Michael Smith Jr.; Ray Barnett Sr.; Lucas
Molignaro III.
- IEEE publications must list names of all authors, up to six names. If there are more than six names listed,
use the primary author’s name followed by “et al.” For non-IEEE publications, “et al.” may be used if
additional names are not provided.
- All references, except those ending with URLs, will end with a period, including those with a DOI.
However, if a reference contains both a DOI or accessed date, as well as a URL, the DOI or accessed date
will be placed first, followed by a period, and then the URL.
- Note that when citing IEEE Transactions, if the issue number or month is not available, research IEEE
Xplore to see if the publication carries these details. Note that not all IEEE publications include issue
numbers and months.
- Note that early access articles should use the “Date of Publication.”
- Articles published within a volume should use the volume and issue publication date.
- All references must include a date that comprises at least the year of publication (or year of the accessed
date if applicable). If no date is provided, use the abbreviation "(n.d.)" in the same position where the date
would normally be displayed in the reference, preceded and followed by periods, e.g.:
BAR50 Series Infineon PIN Diode Datasheet. (n.d.). [Online]. Available: http://www.infineon.com
- For any reference that cites two months for the same issue, the two months should be separated by a slash
(e.g., Jul./Aug.), followed by the year of publication.
- References may not include all information; please obtain and include relevant information.
- Do not combine references. There must be only one reference with each number.
- If there is a URL included with the print reference, it can be included at the end of the reference (see style
for online references).
A. Blogs
Blog
Basic Format:
● J. K. Author, “Title of the post,” Title of the Blog, Month, Day, Year. [Online]. Available: http://www.url.com
Examples:
● A. Weissberger, “FCC approves EchoStar/Dish request to extend timeline for its 5G buildout,” IEEE
ComSoc Technol. Blog, Sep. 23, 2024. [Online]. Available:
https://techblog.comsoc.org/2024/09/23/fcc-approves-echostar-dish-request-to-extend-timeline-for-its-5g-b
uildout/
● M. Owens, “How two Cisco women leaned in and supercharged their careers,” Cisco Blogs, Jun. 23, 2023.
[Online]. Available:
https://blogs.cisco.com/diversity/how-two-cisco-women-leaned-in-and-supercharged-their-careers
B. Books
Book
Basic Format:
● J. K. Author, “Title of chapter in the book,” in Title of Published Book, xth ed. City of Publisher, (only U.S.
State), Country: Abbrev. of Publisher, year, ch. x, sect. x, pp. xxx–xxx.
Examples:
● B. Klaus and P. Horn, Robot Vision. Cambridge, MA, USA: MIT Press, 1986.
● L. Stein, “Random patterns,” in Computers and You, J. S. Brake, Ed., New York, NY, USA: Wiley, 1994, pp.
55–70.
● R. L. Myer, “Parametric oscillators and nonlinear materials,” in Nonlinear Optics, vol. 4, P. G. Harper and B. S.
Wherret, Eds., San Francisco, CA, USA: Academic, 1977, pp. 47–160.
Book (Online)
Basic Format:
●J. K. Author, “Title of chapter in the book,” in Title of Published Book, xth ed. City of Publisher, State,
Country: Abbrev. of Publisher, year, ch. x, sect. x, pp. xxx–xxx. [Online]. Available: http://www.web.com
Examples:
● G. O. Young, “Synthetic structure of industrial plastics,” in Plastics, vol. 3, Polymers of Hexadromicon, J.
Peters, Ed., 2nd ed. New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill, 1964, pp. 15–64. [Online]. Available:
https://www.scirp.org
● The Terahertz Wave eBook. ZOmega Terahertz Corp., 2014. Accessed: May 19, 2014. [Online]. Available:
https://www.scribd.com/ document/322662319/Thz-zomega-ebook-pdf-1206-sr-pdf
● P. B. Kurland and R. Lerner, Eds. The Founders’ Constitution. Chicago, IL, USA: Univ. of Chicago Press,
1987. Accessed: Feb. 28, 2010. [Online]. Available: http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/
Book (Foreign Publication or Translated)
Basic Format (when referencing a foreign publication that has not been translated):
●J. K. Author, “Title of chapter in the book,” in Title of Published Book, X. Editor, Ed., xth ed. City of Publisher,
State (only U.S.), Country: Abbrev. of Publisher (in Language), year, ch. x, sect. x, pp. xxx–xxx.
Examples:
● K. Ichiro, Thai Economy and Railway 1885–1935, Tokyo: Nihon Keizai Hyoronsha (in Japanese), 2000.
●L. S. Pontryagin, V. G. Boltyanskii, R. V. Gamkrelidze, and E. F. Mishchenko, “The Maximum Principle,” in
The Mathematical Theory of Optimal Processes, Moscow, USSR: Izdatel'stvo Nauka (in Russian), 1961, ch. 1,
sect. 3, pp. 17-20.
Basic Format (when referencing a translated publication):
●J. K. Author, “Title of chapter in the book,” in Title of Published Book, trans. J. K. Translator. City of Publisher,
State (only U.S.), Country: Abbrev. of Publisher, year, ch. x, sect. x, pp. xxx–xxx.
Examples:
●J.-L. Dessalles, Why We Talk: The Evolutionary Origins of Language, trans. James Grieve. Oxford, U.K.:
Oxford Univ. Press, 2007.
●R. Menchú, Crossing Borders, trans. Ann Wright, Ed., New York, NY, USA: Verso, 1999.
Book With Chapter Title
Basic Format:
●J. K. Author, “Title of chapter in the book,” in Title of Published Book, X. Editor, Ed., City of Publisher, State
(only U.S.), Country: Abbrev. of Publisher, year, ch. x, sect. x, pp. xxx–xxx.
Examples:
●T. Ogura, “Electronic government and surveillance-oriented society,” in Theorizing Surveillance: The
Panopticon and Beyond. Cullompton, U.K.: Willan, 2006, ch. 13, pp. 270–295.
●L. Li, J. Yang, and C. Li, “Super-resolution restoration and image reconstruction for passive millimeter wave
imaging,” in Image Restoration—Recent Advances and Applications, A. Histace, Ed., Rijeka, Croatia: InTech,
2012, pp. 25–45.
Book With Editor(s)
Basic Format:
●J. K. Author, “Title of chapter in the book,” in Title of Published Book, X. Editor, Ed., City of Publisher, State
(only U.S.), Country: Abbrev. of Publisher, year, pp. xxx–xxx.
● X. Editor, Ed. Title of Published Book. City of Publisher, State (only U.S.), Country: Abbrev. of Publisher, year.
Examples:
●L. Stein, “Random patterns,” in Computers and You, J. S. Brake, Ed., New York, NY, USA: Wiley, 1994, pp.
55–70.
●C. Bennett, “What happens when you book an airline ticket? The collection and processing of passenger data
post-9/11,” in Global Surveillance and Policing: Borders, Security, Identity, E. Zureik and M. Salter, Eds.,
Cullompton, U.K.: Willan, 2005, pp. 113–138.
●W. R. Leonard and M. H. Crawford, Eds. Human Biology of Pastoral Populations. New York, NY, USA:
Cambridge Univ. Press, 2002.
Book With Series Title, Volume Title, and Edition
Basic Format:
●J. K. Author, “Title of chapter in the book,” in Title of Published Book (Title of the Series), X. Editor, Ed., xth
ed. City of Publisher, State (only U.S.), Country: Abbrev. of Publisher, year, ch. x, sect. x, pp. xxx–xxx.
Examples:
●M. Feistauer, “Irrotational Incompressible Flow,” in Mathematical Methods in Fluid Dynamics (Monographs
and Surveys in Pure and Applied Mathematics Series, 67). Harlow, U.K.: Longman, 1993, ch. 2, pp. 77-186.
●M. Abramowitz and I. A. Stegun, Eds. Handbook of Mathematical Functions (Applied Mathematics Series 55).
Washington, DC, USA: NBS, 1964, pp. 32–33.
●E. F. Moore, “Gedanken-experiments on sequential machines,” in Automata Studies (Ann. of Math. Studies,
no. 1), C. E. Shannon and J. McCarthy, Eds., Princeton, NJ, USA: Princeton Univ. Press, 1965, pp. 129–153.
C. Conferences and Conference Proceedings
The general form for citing conference proceedings is to list the author and title of the paper, followed by the name
of the conference using the following abbreviations as well as those found in the “Common Abbreviations of Words
in References” list.
Annals Ann. Proceedings Proc.
Annual Annu. Record Rec.
Colloquium Colloq. Symposium Symp.
Conference Conf. Technical Digest Tech. Dig.
Congress Congr. Technical Paper Tech. Paper
Convention Conv. Workshop Workshop
Digest Dig. First 1st
Exposition Expo. Second 2nd
International Int. Third 3rd
Meeting Meeting Fourth/nth... 4th/nth…
National Nat.
Write out all the remaining words, but omit most articles and prepositions like “of the” and “on.” That is,
Proceedings of the 1996 Robotics and Automation Conference becomes Proc. 1996 Robot. Automat. Conf. If an
ordinal number is in the conference name, use the numerical form instead of spelling it out (e.g., “1st” instead of
“First”). Include the location if given. For U.S. locations, “USA” must be included after city and state.
NOTE: All published conference or proceedings papers have page numbers.
Conference Paper (Paper Presented at a Conference)
Basic Format:
●J. K. Author, “Title of paper,” presented at the Abbreviated Name of Conf., City of Conf., Abbrev. State,
Country, Month and day(s), year, Paper number.
Examples:
● D. Caratelli, M. C. Viganó, G. Toso, and P. Angeletti, “Analytical placement technique for sparse arrays,” presented at the 32nd ESA Antenna Workshop, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, Oct. 5–8, 2010.
●J. G. Kreifeldt, “An analysis of surface-detected EMG as an amplitude-modulated noise,” presented at the 1989
Int. Conf. Med. Biol. Eng., Chicago, IL, USA, Nov. 9–12, 1989.
... (content continues in the same style for additional conference formats) ...
Conference Proceedings in Print (Paper Presented at a Conference)
Basic Format:
●J. K. Author, “Title of paper,” in Abbreviated Name of Conf., (location of conference is optional), (Month and
day(s) if provided) year, pp. xxx-xxx.
Examples:
● A. Amador-Perez and R. A. Rodriguez-Solis, “Analysis of a CPW-fed annular slot ring antenna using DOE,” in
Proc. IEEE Antennas Propag. Soc. Int. Symp., Jul. 2006, pp. 4301–4304.
● G. R. Faulhaber, “Design of service systems with priority reservation,” in Conf. Rec. 1995 IEEE Int. Conf.
Commun., pp. 3–8. If the year is given in the conference title, it may be omitted from the end of the reference as shown here.
Conference Proceedings With DOI
Basic Format:
●J. K. Author, “Title of paper,” in Abbreviated Name of Conf., (location of conference is optional), year, pp.
xxx–xxx, doi: xxx.
Examples:
● G. Veruggio, “The EURON roboethics roadmap,” in Proc. Humanoids ’06: 6th IEEE-RAS Int. Conf. Humanoid Robots, 2006, pp. 612–617, doi: 10.1109/ICHR.2006.321337.
... [more examples follow in original document] ...
Conference Proceedings With Editors
Basic Format:
●J. K. Author, “Title of paper,” in Abbreviated Name of Conf., X. Editor, Ed. (location of conference is optional),
year, pp. xxx-xxx.
Examples:
● A. Amador-Perez and R. A. Rodriguez-Solis, “Analysis of a CPW-fed annular slot ring antenna using DOE,” in
Proc. IEEE Antennas Propag. Soc. Int. Symp., A. Amador-Perez and R. A. Rodriguez-Solis, Eds. Jul. 2006, pp.
4301–4304.
... (additional examples omitted for brevity) ...
Conference Proceedings With Location
Basic Format:
●J. K. Author, “Title of paper,” in Abbreviated Name of Conf., City, State, Country, year, pp. xxx–xxx.
Examples:
● L. S. Carmichael, N. Ghani, P. K. Rajan, K. O’Donoghue, and R. Holt, “Characterization and comparison of
modern layer-2 Ethernet survivability protocols,” in Proc. 37th Southeastern Symp. Syst. Theory (SSST 2005), Tuskegee, AL, USA, Mar. 20–22, 2005, pp. 124–129.
Conference Proceedings With Series Title, Volume Title, and Edition
Basic Format:
●J. K. Author, “Title of paper,” in Abbreviated Name of Conf. in Volume Title, in Series Title, ed., year, pp. xxx-xxx.
Examples:
●M. Feistauer, “Irrotational Incompressible Flow,” in Mathematical Methods in Fluid Dynamics (Monographs and Surveys in Pure and Applied Mathematics Series, 67). Harlow, U.K.: Longman, 1993, ch. 2, pp. 77-186.
Conference Paper Online
Basic Format:
●J. K. Author. (Date). Title. Presented at Abbreviated Conf. title. [Type of Medium]. Available: site/path/file
Examples:
●Process Software Corp., Framingham, MA, USA. Intranets: Internet technologies deployed behind the firewall for corporate productivity. Presented at INET’96 Annu. Meeting. [Online]. Available: http://www.process.com/Intranets/wp2.htp
Conference Proceedings Online
Basic Format:
●J. K. Author, “Title of paper,” in Abbreviated Name of Conf., (location of conference is optional), year, pp.
xxx-xxx. [Online]. Available: http://www.url.com
Examples:
●T. Schubert, “Real challenges and solutions for validating system-on-chip high level formal verification of next-generation microprocessors,” in Proc. 40th Design Automat. Conf. (DAC’03), Jun. 2–6, 2003. [Online].
Available:https://www.dac.com/content/40th-dac
●J. Yanamadala et al., “Segmentation of the visible human project (VHP) female cryosection images within MATLAB environment,” in Proc. 23rd Int. Meshing Roundtable, London, U.K., Oct. 2014. [Online]. Available:
https://feup.libguides.com/ieee/comunicacoes
D. Course
Basic Format:
Name of University. (Year). Title of course. [Online]. Available: URL
Example:
● Argosy University Online. (2012). Information literacy and communication. [Online]. Available: http://www.myeclassonline.com
Coursepack
Basic Format:
●J. K. Instructor. Title of coursepack. (Semester). Title of course. University/Publisher location: University/Publisher name.
Example:
● Q. Oden. Mud and Bones–Geology Coursepack. (2014, Winter). GEOG 042. Cranbrook, Canada: College of the Rockies
E. Datasets
FORCE11 Data Citation Principles
IEEE follows the FORCE11 Data Citation Principles. These principles are as follows (per
https://www.force11.org/datacitation-principles):
1) Importance: Data should be considered legitimate, citable products of research. Data citations should be
accorded the same importance in the scholarly record as citations of other research objects, such as
publications.
2) Credit and Attribution: Data citations should facilitate giving scholarly credit and normative and legal attribution to all contributors to the data, recognizing that a single style or mechanism of attribution may
not be applicable to all data.
3) Evidence: In scholarly literature, whenever and wherever a claim relies upon data, the corresponding data
should be cited.
4) Unique Identification: A data citation should include a persistent method for identification that is machine
actionable, globally unique, and widely used by a community.
5) Access: Data citations should facilitate access to the data themselves and to such associated metadata,
documentation, code, and other materials as are necessary for both humans and machines to make informed use of the referenced data.
6) Persistence: Unique identifiers, and metadata describing the data, and its disposition, should persist—even beyond
the lifespan of the data they describe.
7) Specificity and Verifiability: Data citations should facilitate identification of, access to, and verification of
the specific data that support a claim. Citations or citation metadata should include information about provenance and fixity sufficient to facilitate verifying that the specific timeslice, version and/or granular portion of data retrieved subsequently is the same as was originally cited.
8) Interoperability and Flexibility: Data citation methods should be sufficiently flexible to accommodate the
variant practices among communities, but should not differ so much that they compromise interoperability
of data citation practices across communities.
Note: Reproduced (including references therein) from M. Martone, Ed. “Data Citation Synthesis Group: Joint
Declaration of Data Citation Principles.” San Diego, CA, USA: FORCE11, 2014. [Online]. Available:
https://www.force11.org/group/joint-declaration-data-citation-principles-final
When providing reference details as much information as available should be provided (italics denote that metadata
would benefit from the details, although it is not required for reference listing):
● Published mixed data/software package: author(s), name, unique identifier, location/repository, release
date, license, description, keywords.
The essential components of a citation to a dataset are the following: Author names of each individual or
organizational entity responsible for the creation of the dataset; the date published or disseminated [year and full
date (if available)]; the complete title of the dataset, including the edition or version number, if applicable; publisher
and/or distributor; and electronic location or identifier (URL or DOI if applicable). Append the date retrieved if the
title and locator are not specific to the exact instance of the data you used.
Basic Format:
● Author, Date, Year. “Title of Dataset,” distributed by Publisher/Distributor, http://url.com (or if DOI is used,
end with a period)
Example:
● S. Ansolabehere, M. Palmer, and A. Lee, January 20, 2014, “Precinct-Level Election Data. V1,” distributed by
Harvard Election Data Archive, http://hdl.handle.net/1902.1/21919 UNF:5:5C9UfGjdLy2ONVPtgr45qA==
Online Dataset Reference Using a DOI
Basic Format:
● Author, Date, “Title of Dataset,” Source, doi: xxx.
Example:
● U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Aug. 2013, “Treatment Episode Dataset: Discharges
(TEDS-D): Concatenated, 2006 to 2009,” U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse
and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies, doi: 10.3886/ICPSR30122.v2.
Online Dataset Reference Using a DOI Resolver
Basic Format:
● Author, Date, “Title of Dataset,” Source, doi: URL.
Example:
● U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Aug. 2013, “Treatment Episode Dataset: Discharges
(TEDS-D): Concatenated, 2006 to 2009,” U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse
and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies, doi:
http://dx.doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR30122.v2.
Online Dataset Reference Using a Website Address
Basic Format:
● Author, Date, “Title of Dataset,” Source. [Online]. Available: http://www.url.com
Example:
● U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Aug. 2013, “Treatment Episode Dataset: Discharges
(TEDS-D): Concatenated, 2006 to 2009,” U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse
and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies. [Online]. Available:
http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/SAMHDA/studies/30122/version/
F. Handbooks
Basic Format:
● Name of Manual/Handbook, x ed., Abbrev. Name of Co., City of Co., Abbrev. State, year, pp. xxx-xxx.
Examples:
● Transmission Systems for Communications, 3rd ed., Western Electric Co., Winston-Salem, NC, USA,1985, pp.
12–44–60.
● Motorola Semiconductor Data Manual, Motorola Semiconductor Products Inc., Phoenix, AZ, USA,1989.
● RCA Receiving Tube Manual, Radio Corp. of America, Electronic Components and Devices, Harrison, NJ,
Tech. Ser. RC-23, 1992.
G. Lectures
Lecture Notes
Basic Format:
●J. K. Author. (Year). Title of lecture [Type of Medium]. Available: URL
Examples:
●J. Barney. (2011). Documenting literature [PowerPoint slides]. Available: http://moodle.cotr/english/gill
●Z. Yardish. Tumbling past data [Online]. Available: http://www.statistics.cotr.ca/classes/statistics/Yardish/index.html
Lecture Online
Basic Format:
● University name. (year). Title of lecture. [Type of Medium]. Available: URL
Example:
● Argosy University Online. (2012). Information literacy and communication: Module 2 filing and organization.
[Online]. Available: http://www.myeclassonline.com
H. Legal Citations
Note: In text, italicize the names of court cases.
U.S. Supreme Court Decisions
● Olmstead v. United States, U.S. Reports, vol. 277, 1928, p. 438.
● Olmstead v. United States, U.S. Reports, vol. 277, 1928, p. 478 (Justice Brandeis, dissenting).
Lower-Court Decisions
● U.S. v. Councilman, Federal Supplement, 2nd Series, vol. 245, 2003, p. 321 (U.S. District Court for the
District of Mass.).
● U.S. v. Councilman, Federal Reporter, 3rd Series, vol. 373, 2004, p. 204 (U.S. Court of Appeals
for the First Circuit).
U.S. Laws
● U.S. Code, Title 18, section 3123(a)(1),(2), 2000 and 2002 Supplement.
● Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism,
Public Law No. 107-56, section 209, U.S. Statutes at Large, vol. 115, 2001, p. 285.
● Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, Public Law No. 90-351, sections 801– 804, U.S.
Statutes at Large, vol. 82, pp. 211–223 (codified as amended in US Code, Title 18, sections 2510–2522,
2000 and 2002 Supplement).
I. Manuals
Basic Format:
13
●J. K. Author (or Abbrev. Name of Co., City of Co. Abbrev. State, Country). Name of Manual/Handbook, x ed.
(year). Accessed: Date. [Online]. Available: http://www.url.com
Examples:
●L. Breimann. Manual on Setting Up, Using, and Understanding Random Forests v4.0. (2003). Accessed: Apr.
16, 2014. [Online]. Available: http://oz.berkeley.edu/users/breiman/Using_random_forests_v4.0.pdf
●M. Kuhn. The Caret Package. (2012). [Online]. Available: http://cranr-project.org/web/packages/caret/caret.pdf
● Antcom, Torrance, CA, USA. Antenna Products. (2011). Accessed: Feb. 12, 2014. [Online]. Available:
http://www.antcom.com/documents/catalogs /L1L2GPSAntennas.pdf
Manual (Print)
Basic Format:
●Name of Manual/Handbook, x ed., Abbrev. Name of Co., City of Co., Abbrev. State, Country, year, pp.
xxx–xxx.
Examples:
●Transmission Systems for Communications, 3rd ed., Western Electric Co., Winston-Salem, NC, USA,1985, pp.
44–60.
● Motorola Semiconductor Data Manual, Motorola Semiconductor Products Inc., Phoenix, AZ, USA,1989.
●RCA Receiving Tube Manual, Radio Corp. of America, Electronic Components and Devices, Harrison, NJ,
USA, Tech. Ser. RC23, 1992.
● Microsoft Office 97 Visual Basic Programmer’s Guide, Microsoft Professional Editions Series, Microsoft,
Redmond, WA, USA, 1997.
Manual (Online)
Basic Format:
●J. K. Author (or Abbrev. Name of Co., City of Co. Abbrev. State, Country). Name of Manual/Handbook, x ed.
(year). Accessed: Date. [Online]. Available: http://www.url.com
Examples:
●L. Breimann. Manual on Setting Up, Using, and Understanding Random Forests v4.0. (2003). Accessed: Apr.
16, 2014. [Online]. Available: http://oz.berkeley.edu/users/breiman/Using_random_forests_v4.0.pdf
●M. Kuhn. The Caret Package. (2012). [Online]. Available: http://cranr-project.org/web/packages/caret/caret.pdf
J. News Articles
News Article (Print)
Basic Format:
● J. K. Author, “Title of the article,” Title of the News Source, Month, Day, Year.
Examples:
● J. Markoff, “Software is smart enough for SAT, but still far from intelligent,” Buffalo News, Sep. 21, 2015.
● T. Johnson, “China sets goal of surpassing U.S. on artificial intelligence,” Sacramento Bee, Feb. 25, 2018.
News Article (Online)
Basic Format:
● J. K. Author, “Title of the article,” Title of the News Source, Month, Day, Year. [Online]. Available:
http://www.url.com
Examples:
● A. Clark, “A new AI tool creates hyperrealistic photos. Can you tell the difference?” CBS News, Aug. 30,
2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/can-you-tell-real-image-from-ai-flux/
● W. Knight, “The most capable open source AI model yet could supercharge AI agents,” Wired, Sep. 25, 2024. [Online]. Available:
https://www.wired.com/story/molmo-open-source-multimodal-ai-model-allen-institute-agents/
K. Online Video (e.g., YouTube)
Basic Format:
● Video Owner/Creator, Location (if available). Title of Video: In Initial Caps. (Release date). Accessed:
Month and day, Year. [Online Video]. Available: http://URL.onlinevideo.org
Examples:
● mtaOnline1, Fazi Mosque, U.K. An Occasionally Accurate History of Australia: Part I. (Oct. 23, 2006).
Accessed: Oct. 6, 2010. [Online Video]. Available: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IJjNsCVHc34
● Doane Academy, Burlington, NJ, USA. Second Grade Bossy R. (Feb. 28, 2013). Accessed: Jun. 3, 2018.
[Online Video]. Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PUKHo1Y-BcM
L. Patent
Retain or request the day of the month when referencing a patent.
NOTE: Use “issued date” if several dates are given.
Basic Format:
●J. K. Author, “Title of patent,” U.S. Patent x xxx xxx, Abbrev. Month, day, year.
●J. K. Author, “Title of patent,” Country Patent xxx, Abbrev. Month, day, year.
Examples:
●J. P. Wilkinson, “Nonlinear resonant circuit devices,” U.S. Patent 3 624 125, Jul. 16, 1990.
●T. Mei and T. Yang, “Circuit and method for average–current regulation of light-emitting diodes,” U.S. Patent 7
898 187 B1, 2011, Mar. 1, 2012.
●W. W. Black and A. Clavin, “Dipole augmented slot radiating element,” U.S. Patent 3594806, Jul. 1971.
●S. P. Voinigescu et al., Direct m-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) operating in saturated power
mode,” U.S. Patent Appl. 20110013726A1, Jan. 20, 2011.
● K. Klionovski, “Broadband dual-band microstrip antenna,” (in Russian), RU Patent Utility Model 167296, Dec.
27, 2016.
● Muscial instrument, etc. (patent-style entries continue with examples).
M. Periodicals
Periodicals
Refer to the section “Common Abbreviations of Words in References” for non-IEEE titles. Note that periodical titles
of only one word should not be abbreviated, but fully spelled out, e.g., Science and Nature.
Prior to 1988, the volume number of IEEE Transactions/Journals carried the acronym of the journal. For example, an
issue of the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON AUTOMATIC CONTROL would read: IEEE Trans. Autom. Control, vol. AC-26,
no. 1, pp. 1–34, Jan. 1981. When referencing IEEE Transactions, both the issue number and month are included
upon verification of frequency and starting month. DOIs are included, when provided by the author.
NOTE: The only exception to this rule is PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE, which never carried an acronym on the
masthead.
Basic Format:
● J. K. Author, “Name of paper,” Abbrev. Title of Periodical, vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx-xxx, Abbrev. Month, year.
● J. K. Author, “Name of paper,” Abbrev. Title of Periodical, vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx-xxx, Abbrev. Month, year, doi:
xxx.
Examples:
● M. M. Chiampi and L. L. Zilberti, “Induction of electric field in human bodies moving near MRI: An efficient
BEM computational procedure,” IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. 58, pp. 2787–2793, Oct. 2011, doi:
10.1109/TBME.2011.2158315.
● M. Ito et al., “Can the application of amorphous oxide TFT be an electrophoretic display?,” J. Non-Cryst.
Solids, vol. 354, no. 19, pp. 2777–2782, Feb. 2008.
● R. Fardel, M. Nagel, F. Nuesch, T. Lippert, and A. Wokaun, “Fabrication of organic light emitting diode
pixels by laser-assisted forward transfer,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 91, no. 6, Aug. 2007, Art. no. 061103.
● J. Zhang and N. Tansu, “Optical gain and laser characteristics of InGaN quantum wells on ternary InGaN
substrates,” IEEE Photon. J., vol. 5, no. 2, Apr. 2013, Art no. 2600111.
…
Periodical With Article ID {#ii-periodical-with-article-id}
NOTE: Be aware that an article ID may erroneously be placed as page number in source files. If a page number
looks “wrong” [e.g., there is only one long number, the range is not sequential, or there is a volume number with
page range of 1–XX (with XX being a number)], this may be an indication that this is an article ID and the author
should be queried.
Basic Format:
●J. K. Author, “Name of paper,” Abbrev. Title of Periodical, vol. x, no. x, Abbrev. month, year, Art. no. xxx.
Examples:
●J. Zhang and N. Tansu, “Optical gain and laser characteristics of InGaN quantum wells on ternary InGaN
substrates,” IEEE Photon. J., vol. 5, no. 2, Apr. 2013, Art no. 2600111.
Periodical With DOI
Basic Format:
●J. K. Author, “Name of paper,” Abbrev. Title of Periodical, vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx–xxx, Abbrev. month, year, doi:
xxx.
Example:
●M. M. Chiampi and L. L. Zilberti, “Induction of electric field in human bodies moving near MRI: An efficient
BEM computational procedure,” IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. 58, no. 10, pp. 2787–2793, Oct. 2011,
doi: 10.1109/TBME.2011.2158315.
Periodical in Early Access
NOTE: Once an article is in the form of advanced online access at the publisher, cite this version, and not the arXiv
version. The online access is the final version of record. Include the title of the journal, the date of record, and the
doi. The doi is essential in the reference information, as this will not change.
Basic Format:
●J. K. Author, “Name of paper,” Abbrev. Title of Periodical., Abbrev. month, year, doi: xxx.
Example:
●F. Vatta, A. Soranzo, and F. Babich, “More accurate analysis of sum-product decoding of LDPC codes using a
Gaussian approximation,” IEEE Commun. Lett., early access, Dec. 11, 2018, doi:
10.1109/LCOMM.2018.2886261.
Periodical in Other Language
Basic Format:
●J. K. Author, “Name of paper,” (in Language), Abbrev. Title of Periodical, vol. x, no. x, Abbrev. month, year,
Art. no. xxx.
Examples:
●E. P. Wigner, “On a modification of the Rayleigh–Schrodinger perturbation theory,” (in German), Math.
Naturwiss. Anz. Ungar. Akad. Wiss., vol. 53, p. 475, 1935.
● Y. V. Lavrova, “Geographic distribution of ionospheric disturbances in the F2 layer,” Tr. IZMIRAN, vol. 19, no.
29, pp. 31–43, 1961 (Transl.: E. R. Hope, Directorate of Scientific Information Services, Defence Research
Board of Canada, Rep. T384R, Apr. 1963).
Periodicals Online
Basic Format:
●J. K. Author, “Name of paper,” Abbrev. Title of Periodical, vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx–xxx, Abbrev. Month, year.
Accessed: Month, Day, Year, doi: 10.1109.XXX.123456. [Online]. Available: site/path/file
Examples:
●W. P. Risk, G. S. Kino, and H. J. Shaw, “Fiber-optic frequency shifter using a surface acoustic wave incident at
an oblique angle,” Opt. Lett., vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 115–117, Feb. 1986. [Online]. Available: http://ol.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-11-2-115
● P. Kopyt et al., “Electric properties of graphene-based conductive layers from DC up to terahertz range,” IEEE
THz Sci. Technol., to be published, doi: 10.1109/TTHZ.2016.2544142.
Virtual Journal
Basic Format:
● Name(s) of Ed(s)., “Title of Issue,” in Title of Journal, Abbrev. month year. [Online]. Available: URL
Examples:
●J. Smith, T. Jones, and B. Simpson, Eds., “IEEE Biometrics Compendium Issue 30 December 2017,” in IEEE Biometrics Compendium, Dec. 2017. [Online]. Available: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/virtual-journals/biocomp/issue/30/
●T. Robertson, Ed., “RFIC Virtual Journal–Issue 6,” in IEEE RFIC Virtual Journal, Oct. 2014. [Online]. Available: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/virtual-journals/rfic/issue/6/
“RFID Virtual Journal–Issue 10,” in IEEE RFID Virtual Journal, Nov. 2015. [Online]. Available: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/virtual-journals/rfid/issue/10/
N. Reports
The general form for citing technical reports is to place the name and location of the company or institution after the
author and title and to give the report number and date at the end of the reference.
Basic Format:
● J. K. Author, “Title of report,” Abbrev. Name of Co., City of Co., Abbrev. State, Country, Rep. xxx, year.
Examples:
● E. E. Reber, R. L. Michell, and C. J. Carter, “Oxygen absorption in the Earth’s atmosphere,” Aerospace Corp.,
Los Angeles, CA, USA,Tech. Rep. TR-0200 (4230-46)-3, Nov. 1988.
● J. H. Davis and J. R. Cogdell, “Calibration program for the 16-foot antenna,” Elect. Eng. Res. Lab., Univ.
Texas, Austin, Tech. Memo. NGL-006-69-3, Nov. 15, 1987.
Report Online
Ensure a year is included and add the URL to the end of the reference.
Basic Format:
●J. K. Author, “Title of report,” Company, City, State, Country, Rep. no., (optional: vol./issue), Date. Accessed:
Date. [Online]. Available: site/path/file
Examples:
●R. J. Hijmans and J. van Etten, “Raster: Geographic analysis and modeling with raster data,” R Package
Version 2.0-12, Jan. 12, 2012. [Online]. Available: http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=raster
●“Teralyzer,” Lytera UG, Kirchhain, Germany. Accessed: Jun. 5, 2014. [Online]. Available:
http://www.lytera.de/Terahertz_THz_Spectroscopy.php?id=home
●F. Zhao, “Smartphone solutions white paper,” Shenzhen, China, Huawei, White Paper, 2012. [Online].
Available: http://www.huawei.com/ilink/en/download/HW_193034
●Bureau of Meteorology, “Bureau of Meteorology: Measuring rainfall in Australia,” 2009. [Online]. Available:
http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/cdo/about/definitionsrain.shtml#meanrainfall
● GeoBasisNRW. “ATKIS—Digitale Topographische Karte 1:25.000 (DTK25),” Bezirksregierung Köln, Cologne, Germany, 2012. [Online]. Available:
http://www.bezreg-koeln.nrw.de/brkinternet/presse/publikationen/geobasis/fal.pdf
● K. Kagaku, "Multipurpose chest phantom: Lungman.” Accessed: Apr. 17, 2014. [Online]. Available:
http://www.kyotokagaku.com/products/detail03/pdf/ph-1_catalog.pdf
●“Apple iPhone,” Apple Inc., Palo Alto, CA, USA. Accessed: Feb. 25, 2013. [Online]. Available:
http://apple.com/iphone/
●S. Urazhdin, N. O. Birge, W. P. Pratt Jr., and J. Bass, “Current-driven magnetic excitations in permalloy-based
multilayer nanopillars,” 2003. [Online]. Available: http://cond-mat/0303149
O. Software
FORCE11 Software Citation Principles
IEEE follows the FORCE11 Software Citation Principles. These principles are as follows (per
http://www.force11.org/sites/default/files/software-citation-principles.pdf):
1) Importance: Software should be considered a legitimate and citable product of research. Software citations
should be accorded the same importance in the scholarly record as citations of other research products, such
as publications and data; they should be included in the metadata of the citing work, for example in the
reference list of a journal article, and should not be omitted or separated. Software should be cited on the
same basis as any other research product such as a paper or a book, that is, authors should cite the
appropriate set of software products just as they cite the appropriate set of papers.
2) Credit and Attribution: Software citations should facilitate giving scholarly credit and normative and legal attribution to all contributors to the software, recognizing that a single style or mechanism of
attribution may not be applicable to all software.
3) Unique Identification: A software citation should include a method for identification that is machine
actionable, globally unique, interoperable, and recognized by at least a community of the corresponding
domain experts, and preferably by general public researchers.
4) Persistence: Unique identifiers and metadata describing the software and its disposition should
persist—even beyond the lifespan of the software they describe.
5) Accessibility: Software citations should facilitate access to the software itself and to its associated
metadata, documentation, data, and other materials necessary for both humans and machines to make
informed use of the referenced software.
6) Specificity: Software citations should facilitate identification of, and access to, the specific version of
software that was used. Software identification should be as specific as necessary, such as using version
numbers, revision numbers, or variants such as platforms.
*When providing reference details as much information as noted below should be provided (italics denote that
metadata would benefit from the details, although it is not required for reference listing):
1) Use software for papers: author(s), software name, location/repository, version number, release date,
unique identifier.
2) Use software in/with new software: author(s), software name, location/repository, version number, release date,
unique identifier, software licensure, description.
3) Contribute to software: author(s), software name, location/repository, version number, release date, unique
identifier, contributor role, software license, description.
4) Determine use/citations of software: software name, unique identifier, indexed citations.
5) Get credit for software development: author(s), software name, location/repository, release date, unique
identifier, contributor role, indexed citations.
6) “Reproduce analysis”: software name, location/repository, version number, release date, unique identifier,
software license, description.
7) Find software to implement task: author(s), software name, location/repository, location/repository,
unique identifier, indexed citations, software license, description, keywords.
8) Publish software paper: author(s), software name, location/repository, version number, release date, unique
identifier.
9) Publish papers that cite software: author(s), software name, location/repository, version number, release
date, unique identifier, indexed citations.
10) Build catalog of software: author(s), software name, location/repository, version number, release date,
unique identifier, indexed citations, software license, description, keywords.
11) Build software catalog/registry: author(s), software name, location/repository, unique identifier,
description, keywords.
12) Show scientific impact of holdings: software name, unique identifier, indexed citations.
13) Show how funded software has been used: software name, unique identifier, indexed citations.
14) Evaluate contributions of researcher: author(s), unique identifier, release date, indexed citations,
contributor role.
15) Store software entry: author(s), software name, unique identifier, location/repository, release date, indexed
citations, description, keywords.
16) Published mixed data/software package: author(s), software name, unique identifier, location/repository,
release date, software license, description, keywords.
Note: Reproduced (including references therein) from A. M. Smith, D. S. Katz, K. E. Niemeyer, and the
FORCE11 Software Citation Working Group. “Software citation principles,” PeerJ Comp. Sci., vol. 2, 2016,
Article no. e86, doi: 10.7717/peerj-cs.86
Basic Format:
● J. K. Author. Title of Software. Date Repository or Archive. (version or year). Publisher Name. Accessed:
Date (when applicable). [Type of Medium]. Global Persistent Identifier. Available: site/path/file
Examples:
● Antenna Products. (2011). Antcom. Accessed: January 11, 2019. [Online]. Available:
https://www.antcom.com/products
● D. W. Arning et al. Mixed Mode–Mixed Level Circuit Simulator. (2011). Ngspice. Accessed: Jan. 11, 2019.
[Online]. Available: http://ngspice.sourceforge.net
● MSDN Library Visual Studio 6.0. (2001). Microsoft.
P. Standards
Basic Format:
● Title of Standard, Standard number, Corporate author, location, date.
● Title of Standard, Standard number, date.
Examples:
● Parameter Values for Ultra-High Definition Television Systems for Switzerland, Production and International
Programme Exchange, Rec. ITU-R BT.2020-2, International Telecommunications Union, Geneva,
Switzerland, Oct. 2015.
● IEEE Criteria for Class IE Electric Systems, IEEE Standard 308, 1969.
● Letter Symbols for Quantities, ANSI Standard Y10.5-1968.
Standard Online
Basic Format:
●Title of Standard, Standard number, Corporate author, location, date. [Online]. Available: http://www.url.com
●Title of Standard, Standard number, date. [Online]. Available: http://www.url.com
Examples:
●Frequency Response and Bias, NERC Reliability Standard BAL-003-0.1b, May 2009. [Online]. Available:
http://www.nerc.com/files/BAL-003-0_1b.pdf
Q. Theses and Dissertations
Basic Format:
● J. K. Author, “Title of thesis,” M.S. thesis, Abbrev. Dept., Abbrev. Univ., City of Univ., Abbrev. State, year.
● J. K. Author, “Title of dissertation,” Ph.D. dissertation, Abbrev. Dept., Abbrev. Univ., City of Univ., Abbrev.
State, year.
Examples:
● J. O. Williams, “Narrow-band analyzer,” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. Elect. Eng., Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA,
USA, 1993.
● N. Kawasaki, “Parametric study of thermal and chemical nonequilibrium nozzle flow,” M.S. thesis, Dept.
Electron. Eng., Osaka Univ., Osaka, Japan, 1993.
● N. M. Amer, “The effects of homogeneous magnetic fields on developments of tribolium confusum,” Ph.D.
dissertation, Radiation Lab., Univ. California, Berkeley, Tech. Rep. 16854, 1995. * The state abbreviation is
omitted if the name of the university includes the state name, i.e., “Univ. California, Berkeley.”*
● C. Becle, These de doctoral d’etat, Univ. Grenoble, Grenoble, France, 1968.
Thesis Online
Basic Format:
●J. K. Author, “Title of thesis,” M.S. thesis, Abbrev. Dept., Abbrev. Univ., City of Univ., Abbrev. State, Country,
year. [Online]. Available: http://www.url.com
●J. K. Author, “Title of dissertation,” Ph.D. dissertation, Abbrev. Dept., Abbrev. Univ., City of Univ., Abbrev.
State, Country, year. [Online]. Available: http://www.url.com
Examples:
●F. Jensen, “Electromagnetic near-field far-field correlations,” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. Elect. Eng., Tech. Univ.
Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark, 1970. [Online]. Available: www.tud.edu/jensen/diss
● H. Bordaouin, “ Unmanned aerial vehicles in flight simulations,”Ph.D. thesis, Dept. Aerospace Eng., Rutgers
Univ., New Brunswick, NJ, USA, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://its.not-a-real-thesis.pdf
● D. Schwartz, “Development of a computationally efficient full human body finite element model,” M.S. thesis,
Virginia Tech – Wake Forest Univ. School of Biomed. Eng. Sci., Winston-Salem, NC, USA, 2015. [Online].
Available: https://wakespace.lib.wfu.edu/bitstream/handle/10339/57119/Schwartz_wfu_0248M_10697.pdf
Note: Defer to the use of “thesis” and “dissertation” as provided by the authors; these are different depending on degree
and the academic institution and should not be changed based on degree level.
R. U.S. Government Documents
Basic Format:
● Legislative body. Number of Congress, Session. (year, month day). Number of bill or resolution, Title. [Type of
medium]. Available: site/path/file
Example:
● U.S. House. 102nd Congress, 1st Session. (1991, Jan. 11). H. Con. Res. 1, Sense of the Congress on Approval
of Military Action. [Online]. Available: LEXIS Library: GENFED File: BILLS
Government Online
Basic Format:
●Legislative body. Number of Congress, Session. (year, month day). Number of bill or resolution, Title. [Type of
medium]. Available: site/path/file
Example:
● U.S. House. 102nd Congress, 1st Session. (1991, Jan. 11). H. Con. Res. 1, Sense of the Congress on Approval
of Military Action. [Online]. Available: LEXIS Library: GENFED File: BILLS
S. Unpublished
The two most common types of unpublished references are private communications and papers still in
preparation.
Basic Format:
●J. K. Author, private communication, Abbrev. Month, year.
●J. K. Author, “Title of paper,” unpublished.
Examples:
● A. Harrison, private communication, May 1995.
●B. Smith, “An approach to graphs of linear forms,” unpublished.
● A. Brahms, “Representation error for real numbers in binary computer arithmetic,” IEEE Computer Group
Repository, Paper R-67-85.
Preprint arXiv
Basic Format:
●J. K. Author, “Title of paper,” year, arXiv number.
Examples:
●S. Urazhdin, N. O. Birge, W. P. Pratt Jr., and J. Bass, “Current-driven magnetic excitations in permalloy-based
multilayer nanopillars,” 2003, arXiv:0303149
T. Websites
The most basic entry for a website consists of the author name(s), page title, website title, web address, and date
accessed:
First Name Initial(s) Last Name. “Page Title.” Website Title. Date Accessed. [Online]. Available: Web Address.
J. Smith. “Obama inaugurated as President.” CNN.com. Accessed: Feb. 1, 2009. [Online.] Available:
http://www.cnn.com/POLITICS/01/21/obama_inaugurated/ index.html
The first author’s name should be first initial(s) and then the last name and a period. Titles and affiliations associated
with the author should be omitted. Do not use commas to precede a suffix, such as a roman numeral or Jr./Sr., after
the author’s given name.
For a page with two or more authors, list them in the order as they appear on the website. Separate author names by
a comma.
J. Smith and J. Doe. “Obama inaugurated as President.” CNN.com. Accessed: Feb. 1, 2009. [Online.] Available:
http://www.cnn.com/POLITICS/01/21/ obama_inaugurated/index.html
Next, place the title of the online article or the title of the webpage itself. Then, the text “Accessed:” and the date on
which you accessed the website (written in the format of “month day, year”). The text “[Online.] Available:” is then
inserted with the complete URL after the colon.
For social media websites, please use the following style.
P. Costanzo, “Clemson orange uniforms are messing with the color on my TV. And apparently messing with the ND
offense, too.” Twitter. Accessed Apr. 19, 2021. [Online.] Available: https://twitter.com/PaulCostanzo/status/
817826295707041793
Query the author for the website title if not provided. (For informal websites (such as home page or fan websites) or
websites without formal titles, descriptive phrases may be used in place of page or website titles.)
III. NOTES ABOUT ONLINE REFERENCES
The guidelines for citing electronic information as offered here are in modified illustration of the adaptation by the
International Standards Organization (ISO) documentation system and the American Psychological Association
style.
There are various options for including a URL in a reference. Follow the order of details and whether a period
needs to be placed at the end of the reference. The style of the accessed date is “Accessed: Abbrev. month and day,
year.” The placement of the accessed date within the reference should match how it is provided in the final
author-submitted version.
URLs are not hyperlinked in the proof.
● Accessed date. DOI. [Online]. Available: URL (no period at end)
● Accessed date. [Online]. Available: URL (no period at end)
● Accessed date. DOI (add period at end).
● DOI. URL (no period at end)
● (No accessed date), DOI (add period at end).
● URL (no period at end)
Guidelines for Breaking URLs:
● Break after slash, double slash, or period.
● Break “before” the hyphen that is part of an address, but do not break after; do not add hyphens or spaces; do not let addresses hyphenate.
● Break “before” a tilde (~), a hyphen, an underscore (_), a question mark, or a percent (%) symbol.
● Break before or after an equal sign or an ampersand (follow the same rule for the “at” (@) symbol).
IV. USEFUL ABBREVIATIONS IN REFERENCES
Tips for abbreviating periodical titles in references:
● Words ending in "-ology" can be ended after the "-ol."
e.g., Gastroenterology --> Gastrooceanenterol.; Endocrinology --> Endocrinol.
● Words ending in "-graphy" can be ended after the "-gr."
e.g., Oceanography --> Oceanogr.; Crystallography --> Crystallgr.
● Compound words can be ended using the abbreviation of the last word.
e.g., Bioengineering --> Bioeng.; Nanobioscience --> Nanobiosci.
● Some abbreviations may apply to more than one word, e.g., "Mathematical" and "Mathematics" are both
abbreviated as "Math."; "Medical" and "Medicine" are both abbreviated as "Med."
● If an abbreviation is not included and cannot be abbreviated according to the general guidelines above,
please spell out the word.
A. Common Abbreviations of Words in References
A Abstr. Abstrats.
Academy Acad.
Accelerator Accel.
Acoustics Acoust.
Active Act.
...
[The document continues with a full list of abbreviations in two-column tables, including dozens of entries for subjects, publishers, and language-specific abbreviations. The full list is extensive and is reproduced in the source document across multiple pages.]
B. List of Publishers
NOTE: Each publisher’s complete title is shown, but do not use what is in parentheses. This is just to show the
entire title.
A
Abelard-Schuman (Ltd.), New York, NY, USA
Abingdon (Press), Nashville, TN, USA
Ablex (Publishing Corp.), Norwood, NJ, USA
Harry N. Abrams (Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Academic (Press Inc.), New York, NY, USA; Orlando, FL, USA; San Diego, CA, USA
Ace Books (Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Adam Hilger, New York, NY, USA
Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, USA
Aegean Park (Press), Laguna Hills, CA, USA
Aiglon (Press, Ltd.), London, U.K.
AIP (American Inst. Phys.), New York, NY, USA
Alden (& Co., Ltd.), Oxford, U.K.
Aldine (Publishing Co.), London, U.K.
... [Publisher list continues extensively in the original document] ...
C. Abbreviations of Periodicals With Non-English Titles
A
Acad. Serbe Sci. Arts Glas Cl. Sci. Tech.
Acta Acust.
Acta Astron. (Poland)
Acta Astron. Sin. (China)
Acta Astronaut. (U.K.)
Acta Astrophys. Sin. (China)
Acta Autom. Sin.
Acta Cienc. Indica Math.
Acta Cienc. Indica Phys.
Acta Crystallogr. A, Found. Crystallogr.
Acta Crystallogr. B, Struct. Sci.
Acta Crystallogr. C, Cryst. Struct. Commun.
Acta Electron. (France)
Acta Cybernetica
[The abbreviations table continues through many pages with thousands of entries for non-English periodicals. The document then proceeds with further sections and tables on abbreviations and publishers.]